Scalable Production of Graphene Oxide Using a 3D-Printed Packed-Bed Electrochemical Reactor with a Boron-Doped Diamond Electrode
At a Glance
Section titled āAt a Glanceā| Metadata | Details |
|---|---|
| Publication Date | 2019-01-23 |
| Journal | ACS Applied Nano Materials |
| Authors | Sean E. Lowe, Ge Shi, Yubai Zhang, Jiadong Qin, Shujun Wang |
| Institutions | La Trobe University, Griffith University |
| Citations | 52 |
Abstract
Section titled āAbstractāAlthough graphene oxide (GO) has shown enduring popularity in the research community, its synthesis remains cost prohibitive for many of its demonstrated applications. While signiļ¬cant progress has been made on developing an electrochemical route to GO, existing methods have key limitations regarding their cost and scalability. To overcome these challenges, we employ a combination of commercially available fused-deposition-modeling-based 3D printing and highly robust boron-doped diamond with a wide electrochemical potential window to fabricate a scalable packed-bed electrochemical reactor for GO production. The scalability of the reactor along the vertical and lateral dimensions was systematically demonstrated to facilitate its eventual industrial application. Our current reactor is cost-eļ¬ective and capable of producing electrochemically derived GO (EGO) on a multiple-gram scale. By oxidizing ļ¬ake graphite directly in an 11.6 M sulfuric acid electrolyte, the production of EGO was streamlined to a one-step electrochemical reaction, followed by a simple water-wash puriļ¬cation. Almost all of the converted graphite oxide can be recovered, and the ļ¬nal mass yield is typically 155% of the starting graphite material. The as-produced EGO is dispersible in water and other polar organic solvents (e.g., ethanol and dimethylformamide) and can be exfoliated down to predominantly single-layered GO. Through a detailed study of the product intermediates, the graphite was found to ļ¬rst form a stage III or higher graphite intercalation compound, followed by electrochemical oxidation proceeding from the top of the packed graphite bed down. The EGO can be easily deoxygenated with low-temperature thermal annealing (<200 Ā°C) to produce thermally converted EGO with signiļ¬cantly enhanced conductivity, and its promising application as a conductive nanoļ¬ller in lithium-ion battery cathodes was demonstrated. The simplicity, cost-eļ¬ectiveness, and unique EGO properties make our current method a viable contender for large-scale synthesis of GO.