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6CCVD Research

The High Stability and Selectivity of Electrochemical Sensor Using Low-Cost Diamond Nanoparticles for the Detection of Anti-Cancer Drug Flutamide in Environmental Samples

At a Glance

Section titled “At a Glance”
MetadataDetails
Publication Date2024-02-02
JournalSensors
AuthorsNareshkumar Baskaran, Sanjay Ballur Prasanna, Yu‐Chien Lin, Yeh‐Fang Duann, Ren‐Jei Chung
InstitutionsNanyang Technological University, National Taipei University of Technology
Citations14
AnalysisFull AI Review Included

Executive Summary

Section titled “Executive Summary”
  • Novel Sensor Design: A highly stable and selective electrochemical sensor was developed using low-cost Diamond Nanoparticles (DNPs) drop-cast onto a Screen-Printed Carbon Electrode (SPCE) for the detection of the anti-cancer drug Flutamide (FLT).
  • Enhanced Electrocatalysis: The DNPs/SPCE exhibited superior conductivity and electrocatalytic activity compared to bare SPCE, evidenced by a significantly reduced charge transfer resistance (Rct) measured via Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS).
  • Exceptional Performance Metrics: The sensor achieved an exceptionally wide linear detection range (0.025 to 605.65 ”M) and a low Limit of Detection (LOD) of 0.023 ”M using Differential Pulse Voltammetry (DPV).
  • High Stability and Reproducibility: The modified electrode demonstrated excellent reproducibility (minimal peak current fluctuation across four independent electrodes) and maintained stability over a 25-day storage period.
  • High Selectivity: The sensor showed high selectivity for FLT, successfully resisting interference from common environmental and biological species, including caffeine, glucose, uric acid, Mg2+, and Fe2+.
  • Practical Validation: The DNPs/SPCE was successfully applied for FLT monitoring in real environmental samples (pond water and river water), achieving satisfactory recovery rates ranging from 91.5% to 99.2%.

Technical Specifications

Section titled “Technical Specifications”
ParameterValueUnitContext
Electrode MaterialDiamond Nanoparticles (DNPs)N/AModifier on SPCE
DNPs Particle Sizeless than 10nmMaterial specification
SPCE Working Area0.071cm2Electrode dimension
Linear Range 1 (DPV)0.025 to 20.65”MLow concentration fit (R2 = 0.999)
Linear Range 2 (DPV)30.65 to 605.65”MHigh concentration fit (R2 = 0.999)
Limit of Detection (LOD)0.023”MCalculated via DPV
Sensitivity0.403”A ”M-1 cm-2Reported in Abstract
Baseline Rct (SPCE)1255.25ΩMeasured in 0.05 M [Fe(CN)6]3-/4-
FLT Reduction Peak Potential-0.58Vvs. Ag/AgCl (pH 7.0)
CV Scan Rate Range20 to 200mV s-1Used to confirm diffusion-controlled reaction
Raman Peak (DNPs)1332cm-1First-order DNPs peak (C-C bonds)
Environmental Sample Recovery91.5 to 99.2%Pond and River water samples
Sensor Stability25DaysCurrent response maintained

Key Methodologies

Section titled “Key Methodologies”
  1. Electrode Preparation: Screen-Printed Carbon Electrodes (SPCEs) were cleaned with deionized (DI) water and dried at 50 °C.
  2. DNPs Suspension: 2 mg of diamond nanopowder (<10 nm) was dispersed in 1 mL of DI water, followed by 30 minutes of ultrasonication.
  3. Modification: 4 ”L of the DNPs suspension was applied to the SPCE surface via drop casting and subsequently dried at 50 °C.
  4. Electrochemical Characterization:
    • EIS: Performed at 0.27 V in 0.05 M [Fe(CN)6]3-/4- and 0.1 M KCl (1 Hz to 100 kHz frequency range) to determine Rct.
    • CV: Used to study the electrochemical behavior of FLT (reduction confirmed as diffusion-controlled) and optimize electrolyte pH (optimal pH 7.0 PBS).
    • DPV: Employed for high-sensitivity quantitative detection of FLT, yielding the LOD and linear ranges.
  5. Structural Analysis: DNPs were characterized using X-ray powder diffractometer (XRD), Raman spectroscopy (Ramboss 500i Micro), and Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) coupled with Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX).
  6. Real Sample Testing: Pond and river water samples were centrifuged (9000 rpm, 15 min). The supernatant was diluted with 9 mL of 0.1 M PBS (pH 7.0) and spiked with known concentrations of FLT (5-20 ”M) for DPV analysis.

Commercial Applications

Section titled “Commercial Applications”
  • Environmental Monitoring and Remediation: Highly sensitive, low-cost detection of pharmaceutical contaminants (FLT) in wastewater treatment plant effluents, rivers, and ponds, crucial for regulatory compliance.
  • Pharmaceutical Manufacturing: Quality control and rapid assay determination of FLT concentration in tablet formulations and raw materials.
  • Portable Sensor Technology: The use of SPCEs modified with DNPs enables the development of portable, rapid-response electrochemical devices for field testing, reducing reliance on expensive, lab-bound techniques like HPLC.
  • Advanced Carbon Materials: Utilization of undoped Diamond Nanoparticles as a stable, biocompatible, and highly effective electrode modifier, offering an alternative to traditional carbon nanotubes or graphene derivatives in sensor fabrication.
  • Clinical and Biological Monitoring: Potential application in monitoring therapeutic drug levels (FLT) in patient biological fluids due to the sensor’s high sensitivity and selectivity.
View Original Abstract

In this study, a novel electrochemical sensor was created by fabricating a screen-printed carbon electrode with diamond nanoparticles (DNPs/SPCE). The successful development of the sensor enabled the specific detection of the anti-cancer drug flutamide (FLT). The DNPs/SPCE demonstrated excellent conductivity, remarkable electrocatalytic activity, and swift electron transfer, all of which contribute to the advantageous monitoring of FLT. These qualities are critical for monitoring FLT levels in environmental samples. Various structural and morphological characterization techniques were employed to validate the formation of the DNPs. Remarkably, the electrochemical sensor demonstrated a wide linear response range (0.025 to 606.65 ÎŒM). Additionally, it showed a low limit of detection (0.023 ÎŒM) and high sensitivity (0.403 ÎŒA ÎŒM−1 cm−2). Furthermore, the practicability of DNPs/SPCE can be successfully employed in FLT monitoring in water bodies (pond water and river water samples) with satisfactory recoveries.

Tech Support

Section titled “Tech Support”

Original Source

Section titled “Original Source”

References

Section titled “References”
  1. 2016 - Square Wave Cathodic Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetric Determination of the Anticancer Drugs Flutamide and Irinotecan in Biological Fluids Using Renewable Pencil Graphite Electrodes [Crossref]
  2. 2015 - Synthesis of Ag Nanoparticles for the Electrochemical Detection of Anticancer Drug Flutamide [Crossref]
  3. 2017 - A Facile Graphene Oxide Based Sensor for Electrochemical Detection of Prostate Anti-Cancer (Anti-Testosterone) Drug Flutamide in Biological Samples [Crossref]
  4. 2015 - Detection of Flutamide in Pharmaceutical Dosage Using Higher Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (ESI-MS) Tandem Mass Coupled with Soxhlet Apparatus [Crossref]
  5. 1998 - Electrochemical Study of Flutamide, an Anticancer Drug, and Its Polarographic, UV Spectrophotometric and HPLC Determination in Tablets [Crossref]
  6. 2014 - Effects of the Commercial Antiandrogen Flutamide on the Biomarkers of Reproduction in Male Murray Rainbowfish (Melanotaenia fluviatilis) [Crossref]
  7. 2007 - Androgenic and Antiandrogenic Activities in Water and Sediment Samples from the River Lambro, Italy, Detected by Yeast Androgen Screen and Chemical Analyses [Crossref]
  8. 2018 - Determination of Flutamide and Two Major Metabolites Using HPLC-DAD and HPTLC Methods [Crossref]
  9. 2000 - New Spectrophotometric Method for the Determination of Flutamide in Pharmaceutical Preparations [Crossref]

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