An Experimental Evaluation of Thermal Conductivity of Colloidal Suspension of Carbon-Rich Fly Ash Microparticles and Diamond-Nano Powder (DNP) in Jet-A Fuel
At a Glance
Section titled âAt a Glanceâ| Metadata | Details |
|---|---|
| Publication Date | 2025-07-01 |
| Journal | Proceedings of the ⊠International Conference on Fluid Flow, Heat and Mass Transfer |
| Authors | Ahmed Aboalhamayie |
| Analysis | Full AI Review Included |
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Executive Summary
Section titled âExecutive Summaryâ- The study investigates enhancing the thermal conductivity of Jet-A fuel using Carbon Fly Ash (CFA) and Diamond Nano Powder (DNP).
- CFA, a byproduct of heavy fuel oil combustion, contains unburned carbon and inorganic oxides, possessing a porous structure.
- DNP is used as a comparative material due to its high thermal conductivity.
- A two-step process (surfactant addition and sonication) was used to stabilize colloidal suspensions.
- A 3% CFA concentration in Jet-A fuel resulted in an 8% increase in thermal conductivity.
- CFAâs porous structure and trace iron content contribute to the significant thermal enhancement.
- The study highlights the potential of CFA as a cost-effective additive for improving fuel performance.
Technical Specifications
Section titled âTechnical Specificationsâ| Parameter | Value | Unit | Context |
|---|---|---|---|
| CFA Particle Size | 30 | ”m | Average particle diameter |
| DNP Particle Size | 3-10 | nm | Average particle diameter |
| CFA True Density | 1.07 | g/cm3 | Material property |
| DNP True Density | 3.05-3.30 | g/cm3 | Material property |
| CFA Specific Surface Area (SSA) | 1.8 | m2/g | Surface area available for interaction |
| DNP Specific Surface Area (SSA) | ~280 | m2/g | Surface area available for interaction |
| Span 80 Surfactant Concentration | 3 | wt.% | Stabilizing agent in Jet-A fuel |
| Sonication Power | 30 | % | Ultrasonic bath power setting |
| Sonication Time | 45 | minutes | Duration of ultrasonic treatment |
| Water Cooling Rate | 3 | liters/minute | Cooling jacket flow rate |
| Baseline Jet-A Thermal Conductivity | 0.995 | W/m·°C | Thermal conductivity of pure Jet-A fuel |
| CFA (3 wt.%) Thermal Conductivity | 1.078 | W/m·°C | Thermal conductivity of Jet-A fuel with 3 wt.% CFA |
| DNP (2 wt.%) Thermal Conductivity | 1.015 | W/m·°C | Thermal conductivity of Jet-A fuel with 2 wt.% DNP |
| Temperature | 26.2 | °C | Temperature shown on Voltmeter |
| Voltage Settings | 100, 120, 140 | V | Voltage applied to the heater |
| Nano fuel layer thickness | 0.325 | mm | Thickness of the Nano fuel sample |
Key Methodologies
Section titled âKey Methodologiesâ- Preparation of Suspensions:
- A 3 wt.% solution of Span 80 surfactant in Jet-A fuel was prepared using magnetic stirring for 30 minutes.
- CFA or DNP particles were added to the surfactant solution and stirred for 10 minutes to form a homogeneous mixture.
- The mixture was then sonicated in an ultrasonic bath at 30% power for 45 minutes.
- Stability Testing:
- The stability of the colloidal suspensions was assessed using a custom-built apparatus with an IR laser and receiver.
- Visual inspection using a flashlight was also employed to monitor particle settling.
- Thermal Conductivity Measurement:
- A Hilton Ltd H470 thermal conductivity apparatus was used.
- A thin layer (0.325 mm) of the Nano fuel sample was placed between a heater and a cooling jacket.
- Cold water was circulated through the cooling jacket at a rate of 3 liters/minute.
- Three different heat fluxes (voltages of 100V, 120V, and 140V) were applied.
- Temperatures on both sides of the liquid sheet were measured using Type-K thermocouples.
- Thermal conductivity was calculated using Fourierâs law of heat conduction.
- Concentrations tested were 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.15%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, and 3% by weight.
Commercial Applications
Section titled âCommercial Applicationsâ- Fuel Additives: CFA and DNP can be used as additives to enhance the thermal properties of fuels, potentially improving engine efficiency and performance.
- Heat Transfer Fluids: The colloidal suspensions could be used as heat transfer fluids in various applications, such as cooling systems and heat exchangers.
- Heavy Oil Processing: CFA, as a byproduct of heavy oil combustion, can be repurposed and valorized as a functional additive.
- Materials Science: The study provides insights into the behavior of micro and nanoparticles in liquid suspensions, relevant to the development of advanced materials.