Congratulations to The 2015 JALA Ten!
At a Glance
Section titled âAt a Glanceâ| Metadata | Details |
|---|---|
| Publication Date | 2015-01-21 |
| Journal | SLAS TECHNOLOGY |
| Authors | Edward KaiâHua Chow |
| Institutions | National University Cancer Institute, Singapore, National University of Singapore |
Abstract
Section titled âAbstractâOn behalf of the JALA Scientific Advisors and JALA Editorial Board members, I am thrilled to present this yearâs honorees of the prestigious JALA Ten. For the past 5 years, JALA has highlighted and honored the very best work that each year has to offer across of a wide range of disciplines, including automation, therapeutics, nanotechnology, tissue engineering, and bio-inspired or bio-related computing. Those selected for The JALA Ten have and continue to make incredible breakthroughs in their fields that will have far-reaching impact in our everyday lives, from how we detect and treat diseases to how we manipulate and observe the world around us.This yearâs honorees continue this tradition of groundbreaking research and include a wide range of investigators at various stages in their careers. The work they have done will improve how we do basic research, translational research, clinical therapy, and diagnostics as well as how we design and use computers. For examples, Dr. Chad Mirkinâs laboratory at Northwestern University demonstrates that its spherical nucleic acid (SNA) nanoparticles are capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and delivering RNA interference therapy against a difficult-to-treat cancer. This work was highlighted because both effective complex therapeutic delivery across the BBB as well as effective therapeutic delivery of RNA, which is notoriously unstable, are translational hurdles that continue to elude basic researchers and clinicians. The work that Dr. Chad Mirkinâs team is doing will advance our understanding of how to overcome both of these challenges and provides a new method to a difficult treatment approach.On the other end of the application spectrum, Dr. Dharmendra Modha at IBM and the global SyNAPSE group demonstrate the potential of bio-inspired computing in the form of a single chip that contains 1 million neurons and 256 million configurable synapses. Even more impressive is that this artificial brain-on-a-chip is capable of conducting complex neural processes such as multiobject detection and classification while being made from existing common-use computing technology. This work is just the beginning of a new frontier of neurosynaptic computing that will change the way computers learn, remember, and deliver applications that will improve every aspect of our lives.Although broad in topic and applications, this yearâs honorees reflect JALAâs mission to advance translational laboratory science and technology. Whether it is harnessing nanotechnology to change the way drugs are delivered to the eye for the past 100 years or being able to interrogate protein expression and genomic analysis at the single-cell level, the breakthroughs highlighted in this yearâs JALA Ten are shining examples of what can be done when multidisciplinary approaches to translational research occur. The results are nothing short of amazing, and we are proud to be able to honor these groups for their hard work and innovative spirit.JALA and SLAS would like to thank all the nominators and nominees as well as a group of dedicated individuals who worked tirelessly to discuss and select The 2015 JALA Ten. Each year seems to bring about even more innovation and more breakthroughs, and we are excited to see what the research community comes up with next year.Spherical Nucleic Acid Nanoparticle RNAi Therapy against GlioblastomaSpherical nucleic acids, or SNAs, are a revolutionary set of structures consisting of nucleic acids arranged around a nanoparticle core in a highly oriented and densely packed form. SNAs pioneered by Professor Chad Mirkin and his team at Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois, have significantly advanced the fields of therapeutics, diagnostics, and real-time cellular interrogation, among many others. Recently, Mirkin and colleagues demonstrated that SNAs are capable of crossing the BBB to markedly enhance the safety and efficacy of glioblastoma treatment via RNA interference against antiapoptotic tumor pathways (Fig. 1).Given the remarkable outcomes of SNA-mediated nanotherapy, Mirkin and colleagues have made major progress toward translating game-changing advances in nanomedicine into the clinic. In addition to therapy, SNAs have already made a profound impact on industry in the area of diagnostics and sensing as the only platforms that are capable of monitoring real-time RNA expression in live cells. These Smartflares, which are also known as Nanoflares, are versatile SNA-based probes that can interrogate gene programs that are associated with cancer, inflammation, and a host of other critical biological pathways. As a demonstration of how these SNAs are forging the impact of nanotechnology from the lab to the clinic, they have been commercialized into more than 1700 products and counting.Sustainable Drug Release from Therapeutic Contact Lenses with NanodiamondsAmong the many therapeutic approaches against glaucoma, the use of eye drops containing the drug timolol maleate has been widely used. However, a lack of patient compliance due to the discomfort of tear drop use is a major challenge that can result in treatment complications and blindness. Recently, a team led by Professor Dean Ho at the University of California, Los Angeles, has demonstrated that nanodiamonds can serve as an innovative solution to this problem. Specifically, Ho and colleagues have developed nanodiamond-containing contact lenses that are loaded with timolol (Fig. 2). These lenses are capable of triggering timolol release upon interacting with lysozyme, an enzyme that is found in tears.Figure 2Model of nanodiamond-nanogel drug delivery in contact lenses. Reprinted with permission from ACS Nano 2014. Kim, H. J.; Zhang, K.; Moore, L.; et al. Diamond Nanogel-Embedded Contact Lenses Mediate Lysozyme-Dependent Therapeutic Release. ACS Nano. 2014, 8, 2998-3005.View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload (PPT)Hoâs work has previously pioneered the use of nanodiamonds to deliver several classes of drugs and imaging compounds. During the course of these studies, the ability of nanodiamonds to coordinate water molecules around their uniquely faceted surfaces emerged as a mechanism that accounted for the remarkable improvements in therapeutic and imaging efficacy. This same mechanism serves as a powerful foundation for the use of nanodiamonds in contact lenses.The nanodiamond contact lens properties enable lysozyme contact with the drug-loaded diamond particles within the lenses to trigger drug release and also maintain adequate water content and oxygen permeability that ensures wear comfort for future users. In addition to the fields of cancer and regenerative medicine, ophthalmology is a newly proven area in which nanodiamonds may have a big impact.Mapping Photothermally Induced Gene Expression in Living Cells and Tissues by Nanorod-Locked Nucleic Acid ComplexesSingle-cell gene expression analysis has opened new opportunities in elucidating various biological and translational problems. High-throughput single-cell gene expression analysis in the native tissue environment, however, remains a challenging task. Using a gold nanorod-locked nucleic acid probe (GNR-LNA), Professor Pak Kin Wong and his group from the University of Arizona in Tucson report dynamic monitoring of gene expression in viable tissues (Fig. 3). The GNR binds spontaneously to the LNA probes to form GNR-LNA complex and quenches the fluorophore. The GNR allows endocytic delivery of the LNA probes into tissues and hybridizes specifically to the target mRNA, allowing the fluorophore to fluoresce. This technique enables characterization of heterogeneity in cancer tissues and mapping of spatiotemporal cell response during development and regeneration.Figure 3Model of gold nanorod-locked nucleic acid probe-mediated dynamic monitoring of gene expression. Reprinted with permission from ACS Nano 2014. Riahi, R.; Wang, S.; Long, M.; et al. Mapping Photothermally Induced Gene Expression in Living Cells and Tissues by Nanorod-Locked Nucleic Acid Complexes. ACS Nano. 2014, 8, 3597-3605.View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload (PPT)Designer Protein Cage Made of a Single Polypeptide: A Step Further toward Artificial CompartmentsBiological molecules have the inherent ability to self-assemble and form higher-order nanostructures with high precision, for example, virus capsids and protein cages. Rational design to mimic the natural self-assembly process results in artificial structures. A well-known example is DNA base-pairing that gives rise to DNA origami and more recently coiled-coil peptide dimerization that makes protein origami possible. Stemming from an entry for the International Genetically Engineered Machine (iGEM) competition in 2009, Roman Jeralaâs group at the National Institute of Chemistry in Ljubljana, Slovenia, has designed, developed, and constructed a tetrahedron of ~7 nm from a single-chain polypeptide containing 12 coiled-coil peptide modules (Fig. 4).Figure 4Schematic of single-chain polypeptide tetrahedron pathway. Reprinted with permission from Nature Publishing Group 2014. GradiĹĄar, H.; BoĹžicË, S.; Doles, T.; et al. Design of a Single-Chain Polypeptide Tetrahedron Assembled from Coiled-Coil Segments. Nat. Chem. Biol. 2013, 9, 362-366.View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload (PPT)A pair of coiled-coil peptide modules interacts in parallel or antiparallel orientations, and six pairs of the coiled-coil orthogonal dimers make up the six sides of the tetrahedron. Each 2 of the 12 coiled-coil peptide is separated with tetra-peptide linkers (Ser-Gly-Pro-Gly) that allow formation of flexible hinges at the vertices. The flexibility of the modular coiled-coil building block design lends numerous possibilities to construct other hierarchical structures serving as scaffolds for rationally designed artificial compartments.Biased Receptor SignalingBiased receptor is the of target and also new drug due to of drug efficacy. as a new of drug therapy that to a in Professor and colleagues at the University of in are the to how a wide of receptor (Fig. of or Reprinted with permission from Nature Publishing Group 2014. T.; in Drug and Therapeutic Nat. Drug 2013, Large Image Figure ViewerDownload has far-reaching in that the that molecules receptor that by a new for drug for lack the ability to tissues with structures. For many the is to Professor and his group at the University of in have developed a for tissue a and a method (Fig. The and allow for the of cell that can be spontaneously of and as tissues with Single and tissues allowing for the of tissues with hierarchical of tissue of cell and allowing for Reprinted with permission from ACS Nano 2014. H. S.; et al. for the of Tissues with ACS Nano. 2014, 8, Large Image Figure ViewerDownload method is the method for enzyme in complex (Fig. The are by to a of on of a cell allows in the to within the the is with and in the of the enzyme that present in the The in Chemistry from Professor and his group at Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois, is the to demonstrate the of the method for cell and that this method will have a very broad impact in and of containing Reprinted with permission from Chemistry 2014. H. M.; et al. in with and Chem. 2013, Large Image Figure ViewerDownload single-cell technique allows of up to protein from in than single-cell heterogeneity to the for heterogeneity to the Professor and group at the University of California, a single-cell in a form (Fig. capable of single-cell Reprinted with permission from Nature Publishing Group 2014. J.; et al. Nat. 2014, Large Image Figure ViewerDownload by single-cell in A on a enables of single into cell in each each and into the to in the and of the protein A the This new technique will have a impact on the of researchers to at the single-cell across a wide range of biological is that genomic within may a in tumor and therapeutic the heterogeneity in genomic within a tumor of single-cell genomic Professor and his colleagues at The University of in demonstrate a method for single that that more also have an with more (Fig. of in which more have Reprinted with permission from Nature Publishing Group 2014. Wang, J.; L.; et al. in by Single Nature 2014, Large Image Figure ViewerDownload work is an in translational application of single-cell genomic the natural cell of in which single their during the the are able to DNA from a single cell the use of As single-cell analysis can be done on tissue in addition to live the clinical of this Artificial major of bio-inspired is a as and complex as our Dr. Dharmendra Modha at IBM in IBM in California, and in the of have developed an and that existing chip to an artificial a of the a chip with neurosynaptic that 1 million neurons and 256 million (Fig. The chip is capable of complex neural including multiobject detection and This work demonstrates that an artificial is science and existing can be to highly complex neurosynaptic from chip with of neurosynaptic Reprinted with permission from 2014. R.; et al. A with a and 2014, Large Image Figure ViewerDownload On behalf of the JALA Scientific Advisors and JALA Editorial Board members, I am thrilled to present this yearâs honorees of the prestigious JALA Ten. For the past 5 years, JALA has highlighted and honored the very best work that each year has to offer across of a wide range of disciplines, including automation, therapeutics, nanotechnology, tissue engineering, and bio-inspired or bio-related computing. Those selected for The JALA Ten have and continue to make incredible breakthroughs in their fields that will have far-reaching impact in our everyday lives, from how we detect and treat diseases to how we manipulate and observe the world around This yearâs honorees continue this tradition of groundbreaking research and include a wide range of investigators at various stages in their careers. The work they have done will improve how we do basic research, translational research, clinical therapy, and diagnostics as well as how we design and use computers. For examples, Dr. Chad Mirkinâs laboratory at Northwestern University demonstrates that its spherical nucleic acid (SNA) nanoparticles are capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and delivering RNA interference therapy against a difficult-to-treat cancer. This work was highlighted because both effective complex therapeutic delivery across the BBB as well as effective therapeutic delivery of RNA, which is notoriously unstable, are translational hurdles that continue to elude basic researchers and clinicians. The work that Dr. Chad Mirkinâs team is doing will advance our understanding of how to overcome both of these challenges and provides a new method to a difficult treatment On the other end of the application spectrum, Dr. Dharmendra Modha at IBM and the global SyNAPSE group demonstrate the potential of bio-inspired computing in the form of a single chip that contains 1 million neurons and 256 million configurable synapses. Even more impressive is that this artificial brain-on-a-chip is capable of conducting complex neural processes such as multiobject detection and classification while being made from existing common-use computing technology. This work is just the beginning of a new frontier of neurosynaptic computing that will change the way computers learn, remember, and deliver applications that will improve every aspect of our broad in topic and applications, this yearâs honorees reflect JALAâs mission to advance translational laboratory science and technology. Whether it is harnessing nanotechnology to change the way drugs are delivered to the eye for the past 100 years or being able to interrogate protein expression and genomic analysis at the single-cell level, the breakthroughs highlighted in this yearâs JALA Ten are shining examples of what can be done when multidisciplinary approaches to translational research occur. The results are nothing short of amazing, and we are proud to be able to honor these groups for their hard work and innovative JALA and SLAS would like to thank all the nominators and nominees as well as a group of dedicated individuals who worked tirelessly to discuss and select The 2015 JALA Ten. Each year seems to bring about even more innovation and more breakthroughs, and we are excited to see what the research community comes up with next Nucleic Acid Nanoparticle RNAi Therapy against GlioblastomaSpherical nucleic acids, or SNAs, are a revolutionary set of structures consisting of nucleic acids arranged around a nanoparticle core in a highly oriented and densely packed form. SNAs pioneered by Professor Chad Mirkin and his team at Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois, have significantly advanced the fields of therapeutics, diagnostics, and real-time cellular interrogation, among many others. Recently, Mirkin and colleagues demonstrated that SNAs are capable of crossing the BBB to markedly enhance the safety and efficacy of glioblastoma treatment via RNA interference against antiapoptotic tumor pathways (Fig. 1).Given the remarkable outcomes of SNA-mediated nanotherapy, Mirkin and colleagues have made major progress toward translating game-changing advances in nanomedicine into the clinic. In addition to therapy, SNAs have already made a profound impact on industry in the area of diagnostics and sensing as the only platforms that are capable of monitoring real-time RNA expression in live cells. These Smartflares, which are also known as Nanoflares, are versatile SNA-based probes that can interrogate gene programs that are associated with cancer, inflammation, and a host of other critical biological pathways. As a demonstration of how these SNAs are forging the impact of nanotechnology from the lab to the clinic, they have been commercialized into more than 1700 products and nucleic acids, or SNAs, are a revolutionary set of structures consisting of nucleic acids arranged around a nanoparticle core in a highly oriented and densely packed form. SNAs pioneered by Professor Chad Mirkin and his team at Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois, have significantly advanced the fields of therapeutics, diagnostics, and real-time cellular interrogation, among many others. Recently, Mirkin and colleagues demonstrated that SNAs are capable of crossing the BBB to markedly enhance the safety and efficacy of glioblastoma treatment via RNA interference against antiapoptotic tumor pathways (Fig. the remarkable outcomes of SNA-mediated nanotherapy, Mirkin and colleagues have made major progress toward translating game-changing advances in nanomedicine into the clinic. In addition to therapy, SNAs have already made a profound impact on industry in the area of diagnostics and sensing as the only platforms that are capable of monitoring real-time RNA expression in live cells. These Smartflares, which are also known as Nanoflares, are versatile SNA-based probes that can interrogate gene programs that are associated with cancer, inflammation, and a host of other critical biological pathways. As a demonstration of how these SNAs are forging the impact of nanotechnology from the lab to the clinic, they have been commercialized into more than 1700 products and Drug Release from Therapeutic Contact Lenses with NanodiamondsAmong the many therapeutic approaches against glaucoma, the use of eye drops containing the drug timolol maleate has been widely used. However, a lack of patient compliance due to the discomfort of tear drop use is a major challenge that can result in treatment complications and blindness. Recently, a team led by Professor Dean Ho at the University of California, Los Angeles, has demonstrated that nanodiamonds can serve as an innovative solution to this problem. Specifically, Ho and colleagues have developed nanodiamond-containing contact lenses that are loaded with timolol (Fig. 2). These lenses are capable of triggering timolol release upon interacting with lysozyme, an enzyme that is found in work has previously pioneered the use of nanodiamonds to deliver several classes of drugs and imaging compounds. During the course of these studies, the ability of nanodiamonds to coordinate water molecules around their uniquely faceted surfaces emerged as a mechanism that accounted for the remarkable improvements in therapeutic and imaging efficacy. This same mechanism serves as a powerful foundation for the use of nanodiamonds in contact lenses.The nanodiamond contact lens properties enable lysozyme contact with the drug-loaded diamond particles within the lenses to trigger drug release and also maintain adequate water content and oxygen permeability that ensures wear comfort for future users. In addition to the fields of cancer and regenerative medicine, ophthalmology is a newly proven area in which nanodiamonds may have a big the many therapeutic approaches against glaucoma, the use of eye drops containing the drug timolol maleate has been widely used. However, a lack of patient compliance due to the discomfort of tear drop use is a major challenge that can result in treatment complications and blindness. Recently, a team led by Professor Dean Ho at the University of California, Los Angeles, has demonstrated that nanodiamonds can serve as an innovative solution to this problem. Specifically, Ho and colleagues have developed nanodiamond-containing contact lenses that are loaded with timolol (Fig. 2). These lenses are capable of triggering timolol release upon interacting with lysozyme, an enzyme that is found in work has previously pioneered the use of nanodiamonds to deliver several classes of drugs and imaging compounds. During the course of these studies, the ability of nanodiamonds to coordinate water molecules around their uniquely faceted surfaces emerged as a mechanism that accounted for the remarkable improvements in therapeutic and imaging efficacy. This same mechanism serves as a powerful foundation for the use of nanodiamonds in contact lenses. The nanodiamond contact lens properties enable lysozyme contact with the drug-loaded diamond particles within the lenses to trigger drug release and also maintain adequate water content and oxygen permeability that ensures wear comfort for future users. In addition to the fields of cancer and regenerative medicine, ophthalmology is a newly proven area in which nanodiamonds may have a big Mapping Photothermally Induced Gene Expression in Living Cells and Tissues by Nanorod-Locked Nucleic Acid ComplexesSingle-cell gene expression analysis has opened new opportunities in elucidating various biological and translational problems. High-throughput single-cell gene expression analysis in the native tissue environment, however, remains a challenging task. Using a gold nanorod-locked nucleic acid probe (GNR-LNA), Professor Pak Kin Wong and his group from the University of Arizona in Tucson report dynamic monitoring of gene expression in viable tissues (Fig. 3). The GNR binds spontaneously to the LNA probes to form GNR-LNA complex and quenches the fluorophore. The GNR allows endocytic delivery of the LNA probes into tissues and hybridizes specifically to the target mRNA, allowing the fluorophore to fluoresce. This technique enables characterization of heterogeneity in cancer tissues and mapping of spatiotemporal cell response during development and gene expression analysis has opened new opportunities in elucidating various biological and translational problems. High-throughput single-cell gene expression analysis in the native tissue environment, however, remains a challenging task. Using a gold nanorod-locked nucleic acid probe (GNR-LNA), Professor Pak Kin Wong and his group from the University of Arizona in Tucson report dynamic monitoring of gene expression in viable tissues (Fig. 3). The GNR binds spontaneously to the LNA probes to form GNR-LNA complex and quenches the fluorophore. The GNR allows endocytic delivery of the LNA probes into tissues and hybridizes specifically to the target mRNA, allowing the fluorophore to fluoresce. This technique enables characterization of heterogeneity in cancer tissues and mapping of spatiotemporal cell response during development and Protein Cage Made of a Single Polypeptide: A Step Further toward Artificial CompartmentsBiological molecules have the inherent ability to self-assemble and form higher-order nanostructures with high precision, for example, virus capsids and protein cages. Rational design to mimic the natural self-assembly process results in artificial structures. A well-known example is DNA base-pairing that gives rise to DNA origami and more recently coiled-coil peptide dimerization that makes protein origami possible. Stemming from an entry for the International Genetically Engineered Machine (iGEM) competition in 2009, Roman Jeralaâs group at the National Institute of Chemistry in Ljubljana, Slovenia, has designed, developed, and constructed a tetrahedron of ~7 nm from a single-chain polypeptide containing 12 coiled-coil peptide modules (Fig. pair of coiled-coil peptide modules interacts in parallel or antiparallel orientations, and six pairs of the coiled-coil orthogonal dimers make up the six sides of the tetrahedron. Each 2 of the 12 coiled-coil peptide is separated with tetra-peptide linkers (Ser-Gly-Pro-Gly) that allow formation of flexible hinges at the vertices. The flexibility of the modular coiled-coil building block design lends numerous possibilities to construct other hierarchical structures serving as scaffolds for rationally designed artificial molecules have the inherent ability to self-assemble and form higher-order nanostructures with high precision, for example, virus capsids and protein cages. Rational design to mimic the natural self-assembly process results in artificial structures. A well-known example is DNA base-pairing that gives rise to DNA origami and more recently coiled-coil peptide dimerization that makes protein origami possible. Stemming from an entry for the International Genetically Engineered Machine (iGEM) competition in 2009, Roman Jeralaâs group at the National Institute of Chemistry in Ljubljana, Slovenia, has designed, developed, and constructed a tetrahedron of ~7 nm from a single-chain polypeptide containing 12 coiled-coil peptide modules (Fig. A pair of coiled-coil peptide modules interacts in parallel or antiparallel orientations, and six pairs of the coiled-coil orthogonal dimers make up the six sides of the tetrahedron. Each 2 of the 12 coiled-coil peptide is separated with tetra-peptide linkers (Ser-Gly-Pro-Gly) that allow formation of flexible hinges at the vertices. The flexibility of the modular coiled-coil building block design lends numerous possibilities to construct other hierarchical structures serving as scaffolds for rationally designed artificial Receptor SignalingBiased receptor is the of target and also new drug due to of drug efficacy. as a new of drug therapy that to a in Professor and colleagues at the University of in are the to how a wide of receptor (Fig. has far-reaching in that the that molecules receptor that by a new for drug receptor is the of target and also new drug due to of drug efficacy. as a new of drug therapy that to a in Professor and colleagues at the University of in are the to how a wide of receptor (Fig. This has far-reaching in that the that molecules receptor that by a new for drug for lack the ability to tissues with structures. For many the is to Professor and his group at the University of in have developed a for tissue a and a method (Fig. The and allow for the of cell that can be spontaneously of and as tissues with Single and tissues allowing for the of tissues with hierarchical of tissue lack the ability to tissues with structures. For many the is to Professor and his group at the University of in have developed a for tissue a and a method (Fig. The and allow for the of cell that can be spontaneously of and as tissues with Single and tissues allowing for the of tissues with hierarchical of tissue method is the method for enzyme in complex (Fig. The are by to a of on of a cell allows in the to within the the is with and in the of the enzyme that present in the The in Chemistry from Professor and his group at Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois, is the to demonstrate the of the method for cell and that this method will have a very broad impact in and The method is the method for enzyme in complex (Fig. The are by to a of on of a cell allows in the to within the the is with and in the of the enzyme that present in the The in Chemistry from Professor and his group at Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois, is the to demonstrate the of the method for cell and that this method will have a very broad impact in and single-cell technique allows of up to protein from in than single-cell heterogeneity to the for heterogeneity to the Professor and group at the University of California, a single-cell in a form (Fig. by single-cell in A on a enables of single into cell in each each and into the to in the and of the protein A the This new technique will have a impact on the of researchers to at the single-cell across a wide range of biological A single-cell technique allows of up to protein from in than single-cell heterogeneity to the for heterogeneity to the Professor and group at the University of California, a single-cell in a form (Fig. The by single-cell in A on a enables of single into cell in each each and into the to in the and of the protein A the This new technique will have a impact on the of researchers to at the single-cell across a wide range of biological is that genomic within may a in tumor and therapeutic the heterogeneity in genomic within a tumor of single-cell genomic Professor and his colleagues at The University of in demonstrate a method for single that that more also have an with more (Fig. work is an in translational application of single-cell genomic the natural cell of in which single their during the the are able to DNA from a single cell the use of As single-cell analysis can be done on tissue in addition to live the clinical of this is that genomic within may a in tumor and therapeutic the heterogeneity in genomic within a tumor of single-cell genomic Professor and his colleagues at The University of in demonstrate a method for single that that more also have an with more (Fig. This work is an in translational application of single-cell genomic the natural cell of in which single their during the the are able to DNA from a single cell the use of As single-cell analysis can be done on tissue in addition to live the clinical of this A Artificial major of bio-inspired is a as and complex as our Dr. Dharmendra Modha at IBM in IBM in California, and in the of have developed an and that existing chip to an artificial a of the a chip with neurosynaptic that 1 million neurons and 256 million (Fig. The chip is capable of complex neural including multiobject detection and This work demonstrates that an artificial is science and existing can be to highly complex neurosynaptic computers. A major of bio-inspired is a as and complex as our Dr. Dharmendra Modha at IBM in IBM in California, and in the of have developed an and that existing chip to an artificial As a of the a chip with neurosynaptic that 1 million neurons and 256 million (Fig. The chip is capable of complex neural including multiobject detection and This work demonstrates that an artificial is science and existing can be to highly complex neurosynaptic computers.