Analisis Dimensi Internasional Konflik Papua dalam Model Counterinsurgency (COIN)
At a Glance
Section titled âAt a Glanceâ| Metadata | Details |
|---|---|
| Publication Date | 2021-05-04 |
| Journal | Jurnal Ilmiah Hubungan Internasional |
| Authors | Muhammad Angga Ramdhan |
| Institutions | Parahyangan Catholic University |
| Citations | 9 |
| Analysis | Full AI Review Included |
Executive Summary
Section titled âExecutive Summaryâ- Strategic Failure Analysis: The paper identifies that the limited, military-centric application of the McCormick Counterinsurgency (COIN) Diamond Model failed to resolve the Papua conflict, primarily due to the neglect of underlying domestic socio-political and economic issues.
- Internationalization Vector: Failure to address issues like impunitas (impunity), state violence, and economic marginalization provided the necessary political leverage for the conflict to internationalize.
- Key External Actors: The United Liberation Movement for West Papua (ULMWP) successfully mobilized diplomatic support from Pacific nations (Vanuatu, Solomon Islands) by leveraging narratives of Human Rights violations (HAM) and colonial oppression.
- Model Interpretation Shift: A new interpretation of the COIN model is required, shifting the focus from total military elimination of insurgents (Leg-3) to eliminating the root causes of conflict (LIPI/PRM model) and securing government legitimacy (Leg-1).
- Ideal Strategy Ratio: The current approach contradicts the established COIN wisdom (Galula), which suggests an 80% political/economic solution component and only 20% military force.
- Prerequisite for Success: Achieving peace and eliminating insurgent support requires the state to prioritize the welfare, security, and economic capability of the Papuan people, thereby closing the diplomatic maneuver space for external actors.
Technical Specifications
Section titled âTechnical Specificationsâ| Parameter | Value | Unit | Context |
|---|---|---|---|
| Poverty Index Reduction (1999-2018) | 27.11 | percent | Drop in poverty rate in Papua Province. |
| Poverty Index (Papua, 2018) | 27.74 | percent | Current poverty rate in Papua Province. |
| Human Development Index (IPM) Papua (2018) | 59.09 | percent | Fastest growth nationally, but still below national standard. |
| Human Development Index (IPM) West Papua (2017) | 62.29 | percent | Still below national standard. |
| Gini Ratio (Rural Papua) | 0.384 | N/A | High economic inequality (September 2018). |
| Gini Ratio (Rural West Papua) | 0.424 | N/A | Highest economic inequality observed. |
| Development Budget Allocation | 45 | Trillion | Rupiah (IDR) |
| Special Autonomy (OTSUS) Fund (2013) | 33 | Trillion | Rupiah (IDR) |
| Ideal COIN Strategy Ratio (Galula) | 80 / 20 | percent | Recommended ratio of Political/Economic solutions vs. Military force. |
| Estimated Conflict Casualties (PRM Compilation) | 100,000 to 500,000 | People | Taksiran (estimated) number of victims. |
Key Methodologies
Section titled âKey Methodologiesâ- Research Design: Qualitative study utilizing a literature review (Studi Literatur Kualitatif) to achieve a new, humanistic interpretation of existing military strategy models.
- Data Acquisition: Secondary data compilation from specialized conflict studies literature, academic journals, books, and research publications focusing on the Papua conflict.
- Primary Analytical Framework (Strategy): McCormick Counterinsurgency (COIN) Diamond Model, used to map the interaction between the Indonesian Government, Insurgents, Papuan People, and International Actors.
- Secondary Analytical Framework (Root Causes): Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (LIPI) / Papua Road Map (PRM) model, used to define the four core sources of conflict:
- Marginalization and Discrimination.
- Failure of Development (Economic/Socio-Cultural).
- State Violence and Human Rights Violations (HAM).
- Disputed Political Status and Historical Construction.
- External Dimension Analysis: Application of International Relations and Conflict Studies theories (e.g., Michael Brownâs The International Dimension of Internal Conflict) to explain the mechanisms and motivations for external intervention (e.g., humanitarian concerns, âbad neighborâ dynamics).
- Conclusion Derivation: Inductive analysis used to argue that the failure to address the LIPI/PRM root causes directly undermines the effectiveness of the military-focused COIN strategy, leading to internationalization.
Commercial Applications
Section titled âCommercial ApplicationsâNote: Applications are focused on governance, security, and policy engineering, reflecting the nature of the source material.
- Security and Defense Policy Engineering: Re-design of Counterinsurgency (COIN) doctrine to prioritize non-kinetic solutions (80% political/economic) over military dominance (20%), focusing on securing population support (Leg-1).
- International Diplomacy and Crisis Management: Development of proactive diplomatic strategies to mitigate international criticism by ensuring transparency and accountability regarding Human Rights (HAM) violations, thereby neutralizing external political maneuvering space.
- Regional Economic Development Planning: Implementation of targeted economic programs designed to close the capability gap and reduce high Gini ratios, specifically addressing the marginalization of indigenous populations in competitive labor markets.
- State Capacity and Governance Reform: Institutional strengthening to improve good governance and state capability to resolve acute domestic problems, preventing the conditions that allow internal conflict to escalate and attract international intervention.
- Conflict Root Cause Analysis: Utilization of the LIPI/PRM model as a diagnostic tool for identifying and prioritizing structural factors (socio-political, economic) that must be resolved before military operations can achieve sustainable peace.
- Security Force Accountability Systems: Establishment of robust, transparent mechanisms to investigate and prosecute security personnel involved in abuses (impunitas), essential for rebuilding trust and securing government legitimacy among the local population.
View Original Abstract
ABSTRACTMcCormick counter-insurgency diamond model is staple theoretical framework to describe Indonesiaâs military strategy in quelling Papuan insurgencies. The paper offers new meaning in interpreting the model by focusing on the lens of conflict and international relations studies. To achieve its purpose, this paper use qualitative method of literature study to explain why the internationalization of unresolved Papuan issues can hinder Indonesian government efforts to win the war against Papuan insurgencies. The result shown in the analysis identified that impunity and economic inequalities had become the triggering factor for Papuan conflict internationalization, making the conflict more complex, and ended strengthening insurgency groups against Indonesian government. Thus the paper recommends to address impunity and economic inequality first before attempting to eliminate the Papuan insurgency groups.